1538 - آدابُ القَضاءِ

1538. THE ETIQUETTE OF JUDGING

أ - المُواساةُ بينَ الخُصومِ :

a. Equity Between Opposing Plaintiffs

5279.رسولُ اللَّهِ صلى اللَّه عليه وآله : مَنِ ابتُلِيَ بالقَضاءِ بينَ المُسلمينَ فَلْيَعدِلْ بَينَهُم في لَحظِهِ وإشارَتِهِ ومَقعدِهِ ومَجلِسِهِ .¹

5279.The Prophet (SAWA) said, 'Whoever is stricken with having to judge between Muslims must do so with fairness, in his glance, his indications, his sitting, and his gatherings.' ²

5280.الإمامُ عليٌّ عليه السلام - لِشُرَيحٍ - : ثُمّ واسِ بينَ المسلمينَ بوَجهِكَ ومَنطِقِكَ ومَجلِسِكَ ، حتّى‏ لا يَطمَعَ قَريبُكَ في حَيفِكَ ، ولا يَيأسَ عَدُوُّكَ مِن عَدلِكَ .³

5280. Imam Ali (AS), speaking to Shurayh said, '...And act with equity between the Muslims with your face, speech, and sitting, in order that those who are close to you will not hope for bias from you, nor will your enemies despair of your justice.' ⁴

ب - أن لا يَعلُوَ كلامُهُ كلامَ الخصمِ :

b. The Judge Should Not Raise His Voice over the Plaintiff's

5281.الإمامُ عليٌّ عليه السلام - لأبي الأسوَدِ الدُّؤَليِّ لمّا سَألَهُ عن عِلّةِ عَزلِهِ عنِ القَضاءِ وهُو لم يَخُنْ ولم يَجنِ - : إنّي رَأيتُ كلامَكَ يَعلُو على‏ كلامِ الخَصمِ .⁵

5281. Imam Ali, speaking to Abu al-Aswad al-Du?ali when he asked the Imam about the reason why he was discharged from being a judge, when he had neither been treacherous nor committed a crime, replied, 'I saw that your voice was raised above the voice of your plaintiff's.' ⁶

ج - أنْ لا يَتَضَجَّرَ في مجلسِ القضاءِ :

c. Not Becoming Irritated

5282.الإمامُ عليٌّ عليه السلام - لِشُرَيحٍ - : إيّاكَ والتَّضَجُّرَ والتَّأذِّيَ في مَجلِسِ القَضاءِ ، الذي أوجَبَ اللَّهُ فيهِ الأجرَ ، ويُحسِنُ فيهِ الذُّخرَ لِمَن قَضى‏ بالحَقِّ .⁷

5282.Imam Ali (AS) said to Shurayh, 'Beware of becoming bored and irritated in the court of justice, wherein Allah has prescribed a reward and for which there will be good provision for he who judges honestly.' ⁸

د - أن لا يَقضيَ قبلَ سماعِ كلامِ الخَصمَينِ معاً :

d. Not Passing Judgment before Listening to Both Sides

5283.رسولُ اللَّه صلى اللَّه عليه وآله - لِعَليٍّ عليه السلام - : إذا تَقاضى‏ إلَيكَ رَجُلانِ فلا تَقضِ لِلأوّلِ حتّى‏ تَسمَعَ مِن الآخَرِ ؛ فإنّكَ إذا فَعلتَ ذلكَ تَبَيَّنَ لكَ القَضاءُ .
قالَ عليٌّ عليه السلام : فما زِلتُ بَعدَها قاضياً ، وقالَ لَهُ النبيُّ صلى اللَّه عليه وآله : اللّهُمَّ فَهِّمْهُ القَضاءَ .⁹

5283. The Prophet (SAWA) said to Imam Ali (AS), 'When two people bring a case against each other before you to be judged, do not judge the first before you hear out the second. If you adhere to this, judging will become clear for you.' Imam Ali (AS) said, 'And after that I continued to be a judge.' The Prophet (SAWA) said [supplicating for him], 'O Allah, make him understand judgment.' ¹⁰

ه - عَدَمُ القَضاءِ في الغَضَبِ :

e. Not Passing Judgment While Angry

5284.الإمامُ عليٌّ عليه السلام - لِشُرَيحٍ - : لا تُسارَّ أحَداً في مَجلِسِكَ ، وإن غَضِبتَ فَقُمْ ، فلا تَقضِيَنَّ فأنتَ غَضبانُ .¹¹

5284. Imam Ali (AS), said to Shurayh, 'Do not whisper to anyone in your court, and if you get angry leave, and do not judge whilst you are angry.' ¹²

و - أن لا يَقضيَ وهو مُثقَلٌ بالنَّومِ :

f. Not Passing Judgment Whilst Being Overcome by Sleep

5285.دعائم الإسلام : نَهى‏ رسولُ اللَّهِ صلى اللَّه عليه وآله أن يَقضيَ القاضي وهُو غَضبانُ أو جائعٌ أو ناعِسٌ .¹³

5285. Daa'im al-Islam: 'The Prophet (SAWA) forbade for a judge to pass judgment whilst being angry, hungry or tired.' ¹⁴

ز - أن لا يَقضيَ وهو جُوعانُ أو عَطشانُ :

g. Not Passing Judgment While Hungry or Thirsty

5286.رسولُ اللَّهِ صلى اللَّه عليه وآله : لا يَقضِي القاضِي بَينَ إثنَينِ إلّا وهُوَ شَبعان رَيّان .¹⁵

5286.The Prophet (SAWA) said, The judge should not pass judgment between two people unless he is satiated with food and water.' ¹⁶

5287.الإمامُ عليٌّ عليه السلام - لِشُرَيحٍ - : ولا تَقعُدَنَّ في مَجلِسِ القَضاءِ حتّى‏ تَطعَمَ .¹⁷

5287. Imam Ali (AS), said to Shurayh, 'Do not sit in a session of justice until you have eaten.' ¹⁸

ح - أن لا يُضيفَ أحدَ الخَصمَينِ :

h. Not Hosting Any of the Plaintiffs as a Guest

5288.الإمامُ الصّادقُ عليه السلام : إنَّ رجُلاً نَزَلَ بأميرِ المؤمنينَ عليه السلام فمَكَثَ عِندَهُ أيّاماً ، ثُمّ تَقَدَّمَ إلَيهِ في خُصومَةٍ لم يَذكُرْها لأميرِ المؤمنينَ عليه السلام ، فقالَ لَهُ : أخَصمٌ أنتَ ؟ قالَ : نَعَم ، قالَ : تَحَوَّلْ عنّا ، إنَّ رسولَ اللَّهِ صلى اللَّه عليه وآله نَهى‏ أن يُضافَ الخَصمُ إلّا ومَعهُ خَصمُهُ .¹⁹

5288.Imam al-Sadiq (AS) narrated, 'A person was a guest of the Commander of the Faithful (AS) and stayed with him for some days. He then presented him with a prior dispute that he had not mentioned to him (AS). The Imam said to him, 'Are you making a formal complaint?' He said, 'Yes.' The Imam said, 'Transfer from us [from our house], for the Messenger of Allah (SAWA) forbade the hosting of a plaintiff [for whom one is judge] unless the rival plaintiff is also with him.' ²⁰

ط - أن لا يُلَقِّنَ الشُّهودَ :

i. Not Suborning the Witnesses

5289.مستدرك الوسائل : إنّ رسولَ اللَّهِ صلى اللَّه عليه وآله نَهى‏ أن يُحابِيَ القاضي أحَدَ الخَصمَينِ بكَثرَةِ النَّظَرِ وحُضورِ الذِّهنِ ، ونَهى‏ عَن تَلقينِ الشُّهودِ .²¹

5289. It is narrated in Mustadrak al-Wasa?il: The Prophet (SAWA) forbade the judge to favour one of the plaintiffs [over the other] by looking at him too much or paying more attention to him, and he also forbade suborning witnesses.' ²²